Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) increased their research and development (R&D) expenditure by 25.62% to ₹9,691 crore in FY25. Defence firms were the largest contributors, accounting for 48% of the total spending, followed by petroleum and heavy engineering sectors. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) and Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) were the top R&D spenders among individual CPSEs. Despite this rise, India's overall research spending remains below global averages, attributed to weak private sector investment.