BSNL and private telecom operators Jio, Airtel, and Vodafone Idea are in a dispute with the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) over the transition to an IP-based interconnection framework. Private companies advocate for Licensed Service Area (LSA) level interconnection for efficiency and modernization, arguing current lower-level frameworks inflate costs. BSNL, however, warns that shifting to LSA could strand its existing Long-Distance Charging Area (LDCA) infrastructure investments and incur unrecovered costs.