The year 2025 was characterized by significant global conflicts, including an aerial confrontation between India and Pakistan following a terrorist attack. India launched air strikes inside Pakistan in retaliation, leading to a four-day engagement before a U.S.-mediated ceasefire. This marked a shift in India's strategy towards imposing costs on Pakistan for terror support, despite the risks of escalation. Concurrently, the Israel-Hamas war in Gaza continued, resulting in widespread destruction, famine, and a high Palestinian death toll before a U.S.-brokered October ceasefire.