The year 2025 concluded with significant global instability, marked by coups, civil unrest, and fragile ceasefires rather than a return to order. Military takeovers became established governance in parts of Africa, with the Alliance of Sahel States deepening ties with Russia. Madagascar experienced a coup overthrowing President Rajoelina, while Benin thwarted an attempt. Sudan remained a devastating conflict zone, and Haiti faced near-total collapse under gang rule, with UN intervention efforts ongoing.