India Advances Submarine Capabilities with AIP System and Indigenous SSN Project

India is advancing its submarine capabilities with two key developments. The indigenous nuclear-attack submarine (SSN) project faces a significant timeline, with the first vessel expected by 2036 due to technical complexities. Meanwhile, the Indian Navy plans to equip its second Kalvari-class conventional submarine with an indigenous air-independent propulsion (AIP) system by the end of 2026, enhancing underwater endurance and stealth. A leased Russian SSN is also anticipated by 2028 to bridge capability gaps during this period.