Encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain often caused by viral infections or mosquito-borne illnesses, is a neurological emergency that can rapidly escalate. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial for preventing permanent disability or death, as the brain has a low tolerance for swelling. Causes in India vary by region and season, including Herpes Simplex Virus, Japanese Encephalitis, Dengue, and bacterial infections like scrub typhus.