Despite multiple bird flu outbreaks in Kerala's Kuttanad region over 11 years, the virus's source remains unidentified. A Kerala Agricultural University study found no direct link between migratory birds, previously suspected carriers, and the 2024 outbreaks, noting their absence from epicenters during case reporting. The research suggests biosecurity lapses, including inter-state duck movements, may be a factor, contrasting with earlier expert panel suggestions pointing to migratory birds.